Consolidated Health Economic Evaluation Reporting Standards (CHEERS) 2022
CHEERS 2022 is a set of guidelines that helps researchers clearly report economic evaluations of health interventions so that others can understand, review, and use the findings. It covers what information should be included and how it should be presented.
At a glance
Use when
Reporting results of a health economic evaluation for publication; designing a study with future reporting in mind; peer reviewing an economic evaluation manuscript
Avoid when
Conducting non-economic evaluations (e.g., clinical trials without cost analysis); when reporting is not intended for peer-reviewed dissemination
Inputs
Manuscripts or study protocols for health economic evaluations
Outputs
Complete, transparent, and standardized reporting of health economic evaluations
How it works
The CHEERS 2022 guideline provides a 28-item checklist for transparent and comprehensive reporting of health economic evaluations. It updates the 2013 version to reflect advances in methods, broader applicability across intervention types and sectors (e.g., healthcare, public health, social care), and increased stakeholder involvement. It supports authors, peer reviewers, and editors in ensuring that economic evaluations are well-documented, interpretable, and useful for decision making.
- HTA domains
- Costs & Economic Evaluation
- Assumptions
- Researchers have conducted a valid economic evaluation and aim to report it transparently; stakeholders may vary by context but should be considered where relevant
- Strengths
- Broadly applicable across types of interventions and sectors; supports transparency and reproducibility; developed by an expert task force (ISPOR); includes examples and explanations for each item
- Limitations
- Does not guide how to conduct economic evaluations—only how to report them; adherence depends on authors, journals, and peer review processes
- Also known as
- CHEERS 2022, Consolidated Health Economic Evaluation Reporting Standards 2022
Questions this answers
- › What should be included in a health economic evaluation report?
- › How can researchers improve transparency in economic evaluations?
- › What information do readers and reviewers need to interpret economic evaluations?
- › How should context and interventions be described in economic studies?
- › What role do stakeholders, including patients, play in reporting economic evaluations?
- › How can reporting standards support decision-making in health technology assessment?
References & sources
Related methods
Similar by meaning
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